A test plan document is a record of the test planning process that describes the scope, approach, resources, and schedule of intended test activities.
A comprehensive test plan is the cornerstone of successful software testing, serving as a strategic document guiding the testing team throughout the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC).
By meticulously outlining the scope, approach, resources, and schedule of testing activities, a well-crafted test plan ensures thorough coverage, minimizes risks, and aligns testing efforts with business goals. This guide delves into the key components of an effective test plan, step-by-step instructions for creating one, and best practices to enhance your test planning process.
Key components of a test plan
Components of a test plan include:
- Scope
- Defines the boundaries of the testing endeavor
- Specifies the subject of the test
- Specifies any features or functionalities to be tested
- Out of Scope
- Describes the features/functionalities that are purposefully left out of the testing effort
- Defines what is not being tested
- Timeline
- Sets expectations for testing completion
- Outlines the timetable for each testing phase, including milestones and deliverables
- Resource Allocation/Roles and Responsibilities
- Describes the roles and responsibilities of team members involved in the testing effort
- Defines resource allocation for each testing phase
- Tools
- Describe the testing tools to be used (test management tools, automation tools, CI/CD tools…etc.)
- Environment
- Defines the criteria for the test environment
- Describes the hardware, software, and network configurations that make up the test environment
- Deliverables
- Describes what you expect to come out of each testing phase (such as test reports, test results, and other relevant documents)
- Exit Criteria
- Defines the criteria for finishing each testing phase
- Defines the criteria for accepting or rejecting the system under test
- Defect Management
- Describes how to report, track, and manage bugs found during testing
- Defines the severity levels of the bugs and how to fix them
Six steps to creating a test plan
1. Define the release scope
Clearly outline the boundaries of the testing effort by defining the scope of the release. This involves identifying the features and functionalities that will be included in the testing process.
Tasks to address include:
- Specify the modules or components to be tested
- Identify any excluded features (out of scope) and reasons for exclusion
- Collaborate with stakeholders to ensure a shared understanding of the release scope
2. Schedule timelines
Establish a timeline for the testing process to ensure that testing activities align with the overall project schedule.
Tasks to address include:
- Set milestones and deadlines for each testing phase
- Consider dependencies on development activities and adjust timelines accordingly
- Communicate the testing schedule to all relevant team members
3. Define test objectives
Clearly articulate the test objectives or goals and objectives of the testing effort to align it with the overall project goals.
Tasks to address include:
- Specify functional and non-functional testing objectives
- Align test objectives with business requirements and user expectations
- Ensure that test objectives contribute to the overall quality of the software
4. Determine test deliverables
Identify the documentation and reports that will be produced as part of the testing process.
Tasks to address include:
- List expected deliverables for each testing phase (e.g., test plans, test cases, test reports)
- Define the format and structure of each deliverable
- Clarify the audience for each deliverable and the purpose it serves
5. Design the test strategy
Develop a high-level strategy that outlines how testing will be conducted, considering the testing approach and methodologies.
Tasks to address include:
- Define the testing levels (unit, integration, system, acceptance)
- Specify testing types (functional/ non-functional testing, regression testing, performance testing)
- Determine the use of manual and automated testing (if applicable)
- Consider risk analysis and mitigation strategies
- Consider approaches to test design
Test design approaches to consider
A test design approach is a systematic and strategic method used to create test cases and define testing conditions based on specific criteria. It outlines the way testing activities will be conducted to ensure comprehensive coverage of the software under test.
| Test Design Approach | Description | Considerations |
| Feature List | Identifies and tests specific features of the software | Build a feature list and make the features into test cases. Sometimes called a traceability matrix, this can show holes in coverage and, sometimes, features that don’t need further work. |
| User Journey Map | Tests scenarios based on user interactions and experiences | Instead of listing features, consider the user behavior flow, from check-in to check-out. Some features that do not show up in any user journey might warrant less testing and less future development, especially if they are not popular in the logs. |
| Log Mining | Analyzes system logs to uncover potential issues | Organize log entries by feature and sort to find the features with the heaviest use; focus test design time on those core features. |
| Exception Conditions | Tests error handling and exceptional situations in the code | These are tests for when things go wrong: The database is down, the website is declined, the API does not return for so long that the browser times out. Quick attacks can overlap with this category. |
| SFDIPOT (structure, function, data, interfaces, platform, operations, and time) | Considers different aspects of test design | One possible exercise for test planning is to list these as nodes and then create sub-notes for the risks related to these elements of the software. Once complete, review that list of risks with the test plan to ensure they are covered. A large program may have one SFDIPOT diagram per major feature. |
| Heuristic Test Strategies | Applies various heuristic approaches for exploratory testing | This approach is a treasure trove of considerations for understanding testing mission, product goal, and quality objectives. Use it to develop new test approaches, and then review the plan to see if they are included. |
| Domain-Based Testing | Focuses on testing within specific application domains. A domain approach recognizes the different potential conditions and tries to find relevant and powerful tests for as many conditions that make sense | Domain testing requires a careful analysis of the requirements; decision tables are an example of domain-based testing. Simply put, when the requirements create a “wall of text” that implies more than a dozen test ideas, consider visualization as an intermediate step before finalizing the test plan.A decision tree creates a structured, visual foundation from which detailed test cases can derive. |
| RCRCRC | Evaluates code quality and readability for testing | This mnemonic is: Readability, complexity, relevance, consistency, robustness, and comprehensibility. Considering those elements can allow the team to find the highest priority areas for retesting, especially for regression. |
6. Plan the test environment and test data
Ensure the testing environment is set up with the required hardware, software, and configurations. Plan for the necessary test data to simulate real-world scenarios.
Tasks to address include:
- Define the criteria for the test environment, including hardware specifications and software configurations
- Ensure that the test environment mirrors the production environment
- Plan for the creation and management of test data
- Consider any tools or resources needed for test data generation and management
Image: Each project in TestRail includes a dashboard dedicated to viewing and managing test data available for that project.
These six steps to create a test plan establish a solid foundation for organized and effective testing, addressing key aspects of scope, timelines, objectives, deliverables, strategy, and the testing environment.
Agile test planning best practices
Iterative planning
- Plan in short iterations or sprints
- Adapt to changes and refine the plan iteratively
Prioritize user stories
- Prioritize testing based on user stories
- Align testing efforts with delivering value incrementally
Shift-left testing
- Move testing activities earlier in the development phase
- Emphasize collaboration for early defect detection
Automate regression testing
- Implement automated regression testing
- Ensure quick and reliable validation after code changes
Encourage collaboration
- Foster collaboration among cross-functional team members
- Promote a shared understanding of testing requirements
Continuous improvement
- Regularly reflect on the testing process
- Identify areas for improvement and refine practices
Tailoring to project requirements
- Tailor testing to project requirements to recognize the diversity of projects and promote a flexible and adaptive testing approach. This results in more relevant and impactful testing efforts.
Key considerations when tailoring to project requirements :
| Understand project dynamics | Gain deep insights into the project’s size, complexity, and industry context. Understand how these factors impact testing strategies and overall project success. |
| Adapt test levels and types | Align the selection of test levels and types with the criticality of different aspects within the project and adhere to industry-specific testing requirements. |
| Customize test design techniques | Thoughtfully select test design techniques that are suitable for the project’s complexity and adaptable to changes, ensuring a robust and future-proof testing approach. |
| Optimize test environment setup | Tailor the test environment to replicate production conditions accurately. Consider hardware, software, and network configurations to ensure realistic and reliable testing scenarios. |
| Balance test coverage and efficiency | Strive for a balanced testing approach that combines comprehensive test coverage with efficiency. Prioritize critical areas while optimizing testing processes to ensure resource efficiency. |
| Customize documentation standards | Adjust documentation standards to meet the unique regulatory needs and project culture. Strike a balance between providing comprehensive documentation and maintaining agility in an evolving environment. |
Utilizing advanced test strategies (with examples)
Advanced test strategies incorporate techniques to address specific challenges, improve efficiency, and enhance the overall quality of the testing process.
Shift-left testing
Shift-left testing is an approach that involves moving testing activities earlier in the software development lifecycle, typically to the development phase. It emphasizes collaboration between developers and testers, enabling early defect detection and faster feedback loops.
Shift-left strategies influence the way test plans are formulated. Test planning considers how testing activities can be integrated into early development stages, defining the types of tests to be conducted during coding and unit testing phases.
Collaboration between development and testing teams is emphasized in the test planning process ensuring that testing efforts align with the continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipeline.
Shift-right testing
Shift-right testing involves extending testing activities into the post-production phase, focusing on monitoring and feedback from real users. It aims to uncover issues that might only manifest in a live environment and gather insights for continuous improvement.
Test planning considers the implementation of shift-right testing strategies by outlining post-production testing activities. This includes planning for monitoring tools, feedback mechanisms, and strategies for capturing and analyzing real user data.
The test plan incorporates how the testing process will adapt to the continuous feedback received from the live environment, enabling quick responses to issues and continuous enhancement of the software.
The shift-left and shift-right testing strategies complement each other by covering different phases of the software testing lifecycle.
Examples of Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD) pipeline
Shift-Left:
- Scenario: Developers write code and perform unit tests locally during the development phase.
- Example: Unit tests are automated and run as part of the developer’s local build process, ensuring early detection of issues within the code.
Shift-Right:
- Scenario: Real user data and feedback are collected after deployment to a staging environment.
- Example: Real user interactions, performance metrics, and feedback from the staging environment are continuously monitored, providing insights into the application’s behavior in a realistic setting.
Incorporating DevOps principles into test planning
DevOps principles influence the integration of testing into the continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipeline. The test plan outlines how testing activities seamlessly fit into the DevOps workflow, ensuring that testing is integral to the development process.
Automation is a key component of DevOps, and the test plan details how test automation will be implemented to support continuous testing, allowing for quick feedback and rapid release cycles.
Examples of DevOps principles in test planning
Automation Integration:
- Shift-left approach: To ensure early defect identification, include automated unit tests and integration tests as part of the development process.
- Test planning example: Outline how automated testing will be seamlessly integrated into the CI/CD pipeline to enable continuous testing from development through deployment.
Continuous Integration (CI):
- Shift-left approach example: Developers commit code changes to a shared repository, triggering automated builds and basic testing.
Test planning example: Define testing activities within the CI pipeline, including unit tests, integration tests, and code quality checks, to ensure early and rapid feedback.
Continuous Deployment (CD):
- Shift-left approach example: Automated deployments to staging environments for further testing and validation.
- Test planning example: Specify how testing activities extend into CD, ensuring comprehensive validation in production-like environments before actual deployment.
One-page agile test plan template:
A test plan’s content and structure will differ depending on the context in which it is used. For instance, in agile development, the test plan might need to be changed often to keep up with changing goals.
If you are using DevOps processes, the test plan may need to explain how testing will integrate with your development pipeline, what parts of your testing will be covered by existing automated tests, and what new tests you will try to automate during this test cycle.
The bottom line is that if your test plan doesn’t fit onto one page, don’t worry. The intention is to minimize extraneous information and capture the necessary information your stakeholders and testers need to execute the plan.
Test planning with a test case management tool
A test case management tool like TestRail supports QA teams in effective test planning:
Customizable test cases
In TestRail, you can reuse your test case templates across different projects and test suites and customize them to align with specific testing methodologies and project requirements. These capabilities make it a robust and adaptable testing tool for maintaining consistency, efficiency, and organization in the testing process.
When writing test cases in TestRail, there are four default templates you can customize:
- Test Case (Text):
Image: This Test Case (Text) template (one of four customizable templates) allows users to describe the steps testers should take to test a given case more fluidly.
Defect integrations
TestRail simplifies the process of linking defects tracked in your team’s chosen project management tool (Jira, GitHub, Azure DevOps, or another defect management system) to objects in TestRail like tests, test runs, plans, and milestones for full traceability and visibility into coverage.
If you’re using an issue-tracking tool integrated with TestRail, you can seamlessly populate and push new defects from TestRail to that tool without manual copying and pasting. This speeds up the reporting process and saves you time and enhances visibility for development and product teams, highlighting potential areas of risk in your application.
Image: TestRail comes with ready-to-use defect plugins for popular tools and you can build your own plugins for custom tools or not yet supported third-party systems.
Reporting
TestRail generates reports that aggregate different types of data to provide deep insights about your testing process. Automatically generating test summary reports saves your team hours and skips the manual work of gathering required information and entering it into tables.
TestRail allows you to generate reports with the click of a button, regardless of the framework or programming language, and customize status reports based on the information you want to highlight.
Image: Make data-driven decisions faster with test analytics and reports that give you the full picture of your quality operations.
The level of visibility into your testing process that TestRail offers, makes it an easy fit into any organization’s test planning efforts — Try TestRail for free to see how it can help with your test planning!
Test planning FAQs
1. What is the scope of testing in a test plan?
The scope of testing defines the boundaries of the testing effort, including what features and functionalities will be tested (in-scope) and what will not be tested (out of scope). It helps the development team and QA testing team understand the testing project’s focus and ensures that test execution is aligned with project goals.
2. What are the suspension criteria in a test plan?
Suspension criteria are conditions under which testing will be temporarily halted. These criteria are defined to ensure that testing resources are used efficiently and that manual testing or system testing does not proceed when it cannot yield useful results. Common suspension criteria include critical system failures, incomplete test scenarios, or significant deviations from the test criteria.
3. How is acceptance testing different from other types of testing?
Acceptance testing is the final phase of QA testing conducted to determine whether the system meets the business requirements and is ready for deployment. It is different from other types of testing like system testing or security testing because it focuses on validating the end-to-end functionality from the user’s perspective, often involving business analysts and stakeholders.
4. What roles do test engineers and business analysts play in a testing project?
Test engineers are responsible for designing, executing, and maintaining test scenarios and use cases to validate the software. They often use tools like Selenium for automated testing. Business analysts work closely with the development team to ensure that the scope of testing aligns with business requirements and that the test criteria cover all necessary aspects to meet user expectations.
5. How does usability testing fit into the overall QA testing process?
Usability testing evaluates how user-friendly and intuitive the software is. It is an essential part of QA testing that focuses on the end-user experience. Test engineers conduct usability testing to ensure that the application is easy to use and meets the needs of its target audience.
6. What are some common testing techniques used in QA testing?
Common testing techniques include functional testing, non-functional testing, manual testing, automated testing, security testing, compatibility testing, and performance testing. These techniques help ensure comprehensive coverage and high software quality.
7. Why is compatibility testing important?
Compatibility testing ensures that the software works correctly across different environments, such as various browsers, operating systems, and devices. This type of testing is crucial for identifying issues that may not appear in a controlled development environment but could affect end-users.
8. How do you define test criteria?
Test criteria are the conditions and standards that the software must meet to be considered successfully tested. These criteria include test scenarios, expected results, and performance benchmarks. Test engineers and business analysts collaborate to establish test criteria that align with business goals and user requirements.
9. What is the role of manual testing in modern QA testing?
Despite the rise of automated testing, manual testing remains vital for tasks that require human judgment, such as usability testing, exploratory testing, and acceptance testing. Manual testing allows testers to identify issues that automated tests might miss and provides a more nuanced understanding of the user experience.
10. How does system testing differ from other types of testing?
System testing involves validating the complete and integrated software system to ensure it meets the specified requirements. It differs from other types of testing like unit testing or integration testing, which focus on smaller components or interactions between components. System testing is comprehensive and ensures that the entire system functions as expected.
11. What is the importance of test execution in a testing project?
Test execution is the phase where the actual testing is performed according to the test plan. It involves running test scenarios, logging defects, and verifying fixes. Effective test execution ensures that the software meets the defined test criteria and is crucial for identifying issues before deployment.
12. How does security testing fit into the test plan?
Security testing is designed to identify vulnerabilities and ensure that the software is protected against threats and attacks. It is an integral part of the QA testing process, particularly for applications that handle sensitive data. Security testing includes activities like penetration testing, vulnerability scanning, and risk assessment.
13. What are use cases and how are they used in QA testing?
Use cases describe how users will interact with the system to achieve specific goals. They are used in QA testing to create realistic test scenarios that reflect real-world usage. Test engineers use these use cases to ensure the system meets user requirements and functions correctly in practical situations.
14. How can the development team and QA testing team collaborate effectively?
Effective collaboration between the development team and QA testing team is crucial for the success of a testing project. Regular communication, shared tools, and joint review sessions help ensure that both teams are aligned on the scope of testing, test criteria, and defect resolution processes.
15. What is the significance of defining test criteria early on in the testing project?
- Clear Goals and Expectations: It ensures that all stakeholders understand what constitutes successful testing.
- Alignment: All team members are on the same page regarding testing objectives.
- Measurement: Provides a basis for tracking progress and outcomes.
- Risk Identification: Helps identify potential risks and dependencies early on.
16. How do test engineers handle test execution for large-scale projects?
For large-scale projects, test engineers often use a combination of manual testing and automated testing to manage test execution efficiently. They may prioritize critical test scenarios, leverage automation tools for repetitive tasks, and use test management tools like TestRail to track progress and defects. Effective resource allocation and clear communication are also essential.
17. How do you manage QA testing in an agile development environment?
In an agile environment, QA testing is integrated into the development process through continuous testing and iterative planning. This approach involves conducting test execution in short sprints, adapting to changes, and collaborating closely with the development team.
